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[VLSI CAD] Why Optimization is Hard: NP-hard, heuristic, AI EDA
TL;DR * Many of the core optimization problems in semiconductor design are NP-hard / NP-Complete / PSPACE-complete, so algorithms that guarantee an "optimal solution" are virtually unprofitable at scale (e.g., even if there are only 40 cases of 2, there are 1 trillion cases) * This is why EDA tools